時間：2020-03-16 17:34來源：藍天飛行翻譯公司 作者：民航翻譯 點擊：次
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Note 1.— The runway surface conditions used in the runway condition report establish the performance requirements between the aerodrome operator, aeroplane manufacturer and aeroplane operator. Note 2.— Aircraft de-icing chemicals and other contaminants are also reported but are not included in the list of runway surface condition descriptors because their effect on runway surface friction characteristics and the runway condition code cannot be evaluated in a standardized manner. Note 3.— Procedures on determining runway surface conditions are available in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981). a) Dry runway. A runway is considered dry if its surface is free of visible moisture and not contaminated within the area intended to be used. b) Wet runway. The runway surface is covered by any visible dampness or water up to and including 3 mm deep within the intended area of use. c) Slippery wet runway. A wet runway where the surface friction characteristics of a significant portion of the runway have been determined to be degraded. d) Contaminated runway. A runway is contaminated when a significant portion of the runway surface area (whether in isolated areas or not) within the length and width being used is covered by one or more of the substances listed in the runway surface condition descriptors. Note.— Procedures on determination of contaminant coverage on runway is available in the PANS- Aerodromes (Doc 9981). e) Runway surface condition descriptors. One of the following elements on the surface of the runway: Note.— The descriptions for e) i) to e) viii) are used solely in the context of the runway condition report and are not intended to supersede or replace any existing WMO definitions. i) Compacted snow. Snow that has been compacted into a solid mass such that aeroplane tires, at operating pressures and loadings, will run on the surface without significant further compaction or rutting of the surface. ii) Dry snow. Snow from which a snowball cannot readily be made. iii) Frost. Frost consists of ice crystals formed from airborne moisture on a surface whose temperature is below freezing. Frost differs from ice in that the frost crystals grow independently and therefore have a more granular texture. Note 1.— Below freezing refers to air temperature equal to or less than the freezing point of water (0 degree Celsius). Note 2.— Under certain conditions frost can cause the surface to become very slippery and it is then reported appropriately as reduced braking action. iv) Ice. Water that has frozen or compacted snow that has transitioned into ice, in cold and dry conditions. v) Slush. Snow that is so water-saturated that water will drain from it when a handful is picked up or will splatter if stepped on forcefully. vi) Standing water. Water of depth greater than 3 mm. Note.— Running water of depth greater than 3 mm is reported as standing water by convention. vii) Wet ice. Ice with water on top of it or ice that is melting. Note.— Freezing precipitation can lead to runway conditions associated with wet ice from an aeroplane performance point of view. Wet ice can cause the surface to become very slippery. It is then reported appropriately as reduced braking action in line with procedures in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981). viii) Wet snow. Snow that contains enough water content to be able to make a well-compacted, solid snowball, but water will not squeeze out. Safety.* The state in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level. Safety management system (SMS).* A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures, accountability, responsibilities, policies and procedures. |
